Since 1984 B. Tanguy asked: "how do you explain the sudden for these epithets Corisopitensis , Ocismensis , Lexoviensis , ̶ let alone Dialetensis to Alet, assimilated to the civitas of Diablintes (Jublains)? "In various medieval texts relating to the origins of bishoprics Brittany. The researcher suggested that there must be a relationship "with the questioning by the city of Tours authority on the dioceses of Dol in Brittany" [1] ; and stressed that "the resurrection of this ancient geography in the XI century e any concerted action" and she "deserves a full study" [2] .
I
If we adopt the timeline proposed by H. Guillotel [3] , short extract known as Indiculus of episcoporum depositionis [4] is The oldest document to draw up an organization of diocesan Britain to Carolingian times. According to this text Nominoë, after seizing the towns of Rennes and Nantes [5] seized the pretext of a charge of simony to remove and replace the prelates at his beck and the bishops of Alet, Leon, Quimper and Vannes: This episode proved to Breton history, fairly well documented by correspondence at the time, has been echoed in a contemporary hagiographic text, the Gesta sanctorum Rotonensium [BHL 1945], dedicated to the founder of the abbey of Redon Conwoion and his disciples [6] . Also according to the Indiculu s Nominoë was then formed by putting up seven bishoprics new episcopal sees: one at the monastery of Dol, with the status of archdiocese, the second in the monastery of Saint-Brieuc and last even * Saint-Tual Pabu [7] , seat of the Bishop of Tréguier [8] then, having thus separated the Breton bishoprics of the metropolis Tours, Nominoë had met their new owners at Dol, where he was made king. This extract and the story of much more developed Chronicon Namnetense [9] , who notes that the monastery of Dol before its erection was within the Episcopal Church of Alet [10] , carry the one and the other from a common source, whose exact nature eludes us, but H. Guillotel is the composition very controversial in the context that sees the authority of the mother Dole reduced from the years 1120, only to suffragan of St. Brieuc and Tréguier [11] . About the same time that he should place the writing of the vita of Conwoion [BHL 1946] [12] , text clearly dependent Gesta he takes the storyline, but insisted, as did the Indiculus and Chronicon on the predominant role in the Nominoë indictment Susannus bishops of Vannes and Quimper Felix ( Susannum scilicet atque Venetensem Felicem Corisopitensem [13] ).
Moreover, the facts as stated by the Indiculus and Chronicon raise many doubts about their veracity: nothing indeed in the contemporary literature on the deposition by British bishops Nominoë in 849 to support the conclusion that the seats of Saint-Brieuc and Tréguier were built during that era. In contrast, the Dol existed before that date and we know also the holder of the moment, Saloco , falsely presented here as occupying the seat of Alet: they are therefore quite five bishops who were deposed by Nominoë even if the name of the bishop of Alet eludes us. Finally, initial claims metropolitan Dol appear only fifteen years later, encouraged by Salomon of Brittany, in a context of standardization of the schism [14] .
must therefore conclude that the first picture of the bishoprics of Brittany, as contained in the Indiculus and the Chronicon has any chance to reflect, not where the Carolingian period, but rather that which prevailed when the story was written is the common source of these two texts. It is particularly noteworthy in this connection that the author has used the names of cities that were in the Notitia Galliarum to designate the springs Nominoë filed by the bishops: further Venetensis (Vannes), whose use has never lost and found forms Corisopitensis alias Coriopitensis and Oximensis alias Ocismorensis , which relate respectively here at Quimper and St. Pol de Leon [15] , to bring lessons civitas Coriosolitum (Corseul) and civitas Osismorum (Carhaix) of the Notitia [16] . As to the form Dialetensis , it is not an invention of the chronicler, as believed R. Merlet [17] or cacographie a copyist, as speculated L. Levillain [18] and F. Lot [19] : as pointed out by F. Duine, it accords perfectly with the lesson Dialetum Which decorates the name of the bishop of Alet, Martin, at the Council meeting in Chalon chaired by the legate Hildebrand in 1056. In contrast, F. Duine erred in saying that "Martin is the only prelate Alet Breton in the assembly of Chalon" [20] : is in effect on the conciliar document the name of another Martin, who signed as Bishop of Osismii ( Auximorum ) [21] which H. Guillotel showed he was the prelate who was then the headquarters of Tréguier [22] but the average vita Tugdual [BHL 8351-8352] [23] in the same time did not recognize his hero while the titular vita long [BHL 8353] [ 24] , like of vita Gildas [BHL 3541] [25] , attributed to Paul Aurelian ( quo tempore beatus Paulus [...] Ocismensem regebat ecclesiam ) [26] . On this occasion, the sacred writer develops the idea that Tugdual had succeeded Bishop of has civitas Lexoviensis , episode resulting from a misinterpretation of a passage from the vita average reading the latter text, which was the main source of his own composition, the author of the vita long assumed that the former civitas anonymous which saw themselves in the ruins Yaudet [27] Lexovium had called when he must simply understand that Tugdual on his way back from Paris to Tréguier, was hijacked by the civitas of Lisieux.
is observed on this occasion that the average vita of the saint seeks to account for different traditions : One of those traditions, apparently well known at the time to Tréguier and could have adverse consequences for the local cult, explained that Tugdual was honored at Lisieux, where they said he had passed from life to death, c ' is why the biographer, without denying the existence of a saint to worship at Lisieux, has seen fit to respond in advance and explicitly the objections of those who Lexoviensi eum in civitate obiisse dicebant [28 ] . A. La Borderie has therefore misled when he thought he recognized in this passage a interpolation of the original text of the vita average [29] : Actually, this text confirms that the author of that text, the civitas Lexoviensis which it refers to is obviously different from the Episcopal Tréguier and can not be either the Yaudet which also belongs to the diocese. No doubt there existed at least two saints Tugdual: Telling the existence of each of them as if they were episodes in the life of a single character allowed the biographer use stories that were current in Lisieux, so he was it possible to give more relief to the gesture of a saint that the Breton tradition claimed to have founded the Great Monastery Treguier and having a history of to look elsewhere rather on the side of Cornwall, where he was honored as the Tudi [30] . In any event [31] , there is no certainty that the author of the vita average, even and especially if the bishop as suggested by Martin H. Guillotel [32] , had sought to capture the benefit of Tréguier luster attached to the career of a prelate who had occupied the episcopal seat of an ancient civitas Gallo-Roman: firstly, in fact, Bishop Martin, as we have seen, had chosen early in his career, titled "bishop of Osismii" and whether to recognize in him the hagiographer, this choice clearly shows that it was no question for him of a "recovery" directly from the episcopate Tugdual in Lisieux, in which case it would obviously refers in its own titular the civitas Lexoviensis on the other hand, there is no evidence that the holy Tugdual honored at the time in Lisieux occupied the episcopal see of the place [33] , nor even that he was bishop and also the author of the vita average was shown on all these issues in a remarkable discretion.
II
It is the juxtaposition within the same act of titleholders claimed by Martin Tréguier ( Martinus Auximorum ) and Martin Alet (Martinus Dialetum ) that captures the sequence by which sees of Britain, other than those of Nantes, Rennes and Vannes for which there is no solution of continuity with the late-antique status, were enrolled in the mid- XI e century, following cities Armorican lower Empire. It is at Tréguier Martin, former chaplain of the Count of Anjou, present from 1054 with the Bishop of Angers alongside the Archbishop of Tours at the dedication of the abbey where he is qualified Cormery "bishop of the Britons" ( Martino Britannorum praesule ) [34] that returns have initiated this process to meet the requirements of the reform movement of the Church and the Papacy in effect desired limit and control erections in bishopric reserving their permission or, failing that, by conditioning their legitimacy to the existence of an ancient Gallo-Roman, which was included in the official list Notitia. The headquarters of Tréguier, resulting from a subdivision Diocesan had not received the sanction of Rome, could not therefore claim that the second solution, therefore, it remained to determine how civitas he could have obtained the legacy: not that we know precisely why the choice was finally arrested, as we have seen, on that of Osismii. If, like the bishops Leon [35] , the Bishops of Cornwall have been tempted to claim a long heritage of civitas of Osismii, as is seen in vita Menou [BHL 5931] [36] , the choice of Martin Tréguier the incentive to eventually replace their titular Cornugalliensis by Corisopitensis [37] , as previously Unknown site: its success, as evidenced by its use in vita of Conwoion, as we have seen, was the origin of the interpolation in the same period in Gesta sanctorum of the name Rotonensium Corisopiti to locate the seat of Bishop Felix [38] ; the coup, the bishops of Alet, prevented from using the tradition of Coriosolites civitas, which Yet they were the rightful heirs, have preferred to recognize the name their headquarters an avatar that of the ancient city of Diablintes, including the important capital Jublains had not known the establishment of a bishopric in the Lower Empire.
We have noted that are left in the dark origins of the diocese of Saint-Brieuc: it may be on the side of an old riding Carolingian Poitou, pagus Briocensis that the bishops had gone to find the place without any real success, a form of legitimacy [39] . Moreover, the time of the composition, in Angers, the vita the patron saint [BHL 1463-1463a] [40] is not established with certainty: JC Poulin agreed with the traditional dating to the mid-eleventh century e [41] but there is no reason to lower until the second half of the XII th century after the publication of vita Tugdual long, the text of the ms Rouen S. Morin supposed to be rewriting the original work and in which the biographer Brieuc, settles accounts' with that of Tugdual [42] , describing how the monastery Tréguier Brieuc founded by him and confided to his nephew Tugdual had been a real abstraction in favor of the latter. We do not know the precise reasons for such animosity, but they certainly stand out in the nature of these two bishoprics, that their late establishment, under conditions deemed manifestly improper for a canonical point of view, a priori denied legitimacy and condemned by the same prelates who presided over their destinies to a semi-simple recognition as suffragan of Dol , whose metropolitan status was itself highly questionable.
In addition, the Bishop of Tréguier probably had to battle against that of Leo, who had borne the brunt of the territorialization of his diocese: the vita long Tugdual also refers to several times these aspects of diocesan boundaries, highlighting in particular the role played by relics tugdualiennes in a timely miracle intervened Plouigneau, the western border of the diocese, during a trip on the spot of Bishop Martin [43] . Already, during the composition of the vita average, prelate, stressing that the foundation's headquarters had been intended by Tréguier Childebert and located in Paris, capital of the Frankish kingdom, the episcopal Tugdual, had introduced the two dioceses as comparable entities and established a true parity between their founders, but beyond these loans Wrmonoc, author of Carolingian vita of Paul Aurelian [BHL 6585] [44] , Bishop Martin has sought to establish with a conclusive and irrefutable legitimacy of his episcopal against its possible opponents: thus, for an invention unheard of, perhaps based on considerations philologiques dont il devait être maladroitement rendu compte dans sa vita longue [45] , Tugdual est même présenté comme ayant occupé la chaire de Pierre pendant deux années [46] .
III
L’histoire des évêchés bretons a donc fait l’objet au XI e siècle d’une véritable ‘réinterprétation’ au profit seat occupied by an influential prelate, whose rich library could contain a manuscript of the Notitia Galliarum [47] , but beyond the satisfaction of personal ambitions, even beyond a commitment to compliance with the new rules enacted as part of the reform of the Church, it is the first step in a truly ideological developments whose ultimate s observe it in the fifteenth century e, at the lasting conflict between the bishop of Nantes, the Duke of Brittany and the King of France on the subject of the feast [48] . This is especially important to know and understand that she has long obscured the true process of formation of diocesan network, which, even west of the peninsula where people had settled in Brittany, has probably taking place in the scheme in its early stages of territorial organization prior [49] .
© Yves-André Bourges 2010
[1] B. Tanguy, "Some cities and dioceses in Coriosolites and Osismii" Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Finistère , t. 113 (1984), p. 112.
[2] ibid., p. 113.
[3] H. Guillotel, "" Genesis of the Indiculus of episcoporum depositionis , LAWRENCE C., B. MERDRIGNAC Pichot, and D. [Ed.] Worlds of western and world cities: a look at medieval societies. Mixtures in honor of Andre Chédeville , Rennes, 1998 129-138.
[4] J. SIRMOND, « Quomodo Nomenoius tyrannus Brittonum de quatuor episcopatibus fecit septem, tempore Karoli Calvi regis Francorum », Karoli Calvi et successorum aliquot Franciae regum capitula in diversis synodis ac placitis generalibus edita , Paris, 1623, p. 132-134.
[5] IBIDEM, p. 132 : Nomenoius valde superbus urbem Namneticam, Redonicam, ac etiam Andegavense territorium et Cenomannense usque Meduanam invasit .
[6] C.J. BRETT, The Monks of Redon . Gesta sanctorum Rotonensium and Vita Conwoionis, Woodbridge, 1989, p. 101-219.
[7] J. SIRMOND, « Quomodo Nomenoius.. », p. 134 : (…) ex quatuor episcopatibus septem composuit. Quorum apud Dolum monasterium, unum constituit, quem archiepiscopum fieri decrevit. Monasterium vero S. Brioci sedem constituit episcopalem. Similiter etiam S. Rabutuali .
[8] Ibid., P. 54: who fled sedes episcopi Trecorensis .
[9] R. Merlet, The Chronicle of Nantes (570-about 1049) , Paris, 1896 (Collection of texts for use in the study and teaching of history, 19), p. 31-39.
[10] ibid., p. 39: (...) in monasterio Doli, which ex tunc temporis erat Diocesi Dialentensis ecclesiae.
[11] H. GUILLOTEL, « « Genèse de l’ Indiculus de episcoporum depositione », p. 137.
[12] C.J. BRETT, The Monks of Redon , p. 221-245.
[13] IBIDEM, p. 239, § 9.
[14] H. Guillotel, "The time of kings VIII e-X e century" Chedeville A. Guillotel and H. Brittany saints and kings V e-X e century, Rennes, 1984 191-408, gave (p. 266-273 and 304-313) a solid summary of the matter, which provides back to basics. Consultation with scholarship L. Levillain, "The reforms of ecclesiastical Nominoë (847-848). Study of narrative sources, "The Middle Ages , 2 e series, t. 6 (1902), p. 201-257, F. LOT, Mixtures of Breton history (VI-XI e e century) , Paris, 1907, p. 58-96 ("The schism of the ninth Breton th century. Study on the narrative sources: Chronicle of Nantes, Gesta sanctorum Rotonensium, Indiculus of episcoporum Brittonum depositionis "), and F. DUIN, "The schism Breton. The Church of Dol in the middle of the ninth century e according to sources, "Annales de Bretagne , t. 30 (1914-1915), No. 3, p. 424-468, still very useful.
[15] J. SIRMOND, « Quomodo Nomenoius… », p. 133 : Subsannum Venetensem, Salaconem Aletensem, Felicem Coriopitensem, Liberalem Oximensem episcopos ; pour sa part, le Chronicon Namnetense donne respectivement Susannum Venetensem , Saloconem Dialetensem , Felicem Corisopitensem et Liberalem Ocismorensem (R. MERLET, La chronique de Nantes , p. 38).
[16] A.-Y. BOURGÈS, "Names and alumni Carhaix Corseul: onomastics and hagiography," online at http://andreyvesbourges.blogspot.com/2010/04/noms-anciens-de-carhaix-et-de-corseul.html [accessed 9 October 2010].
[17] R. Merlet, The Chronicle of Nantes , Introduction, p. LIII-LV.
[18] L. Levillain, "The reforms of ecclesiastical Nominoë, P. 218.
[19] F. LOT, Mixtures of Breton history , P. 83, n. 1.
[20] F. DUIN, The metropolis of Britain. Chronicle of Dol, consisting of XI th century, catalogs and dignitaries until the Revolution, Paris, 1916, p. 17, n. 23.
[21] P. LABBE, G. COSSART, N. COLETTI, GD Mansi, D. PASSIONEUS, sacrorum Conciliorum nova collectio amplissima , t. 19, Venice, 1774, col. 843-844: Auximorum Martinus, Martinus Dialetum item. The name of Martin Alet is immediately followed by that of Martin Le Mans (item Martinus Coenomannicorum ), but the latter prelate is not on the episcopal lists we consulted (see in particular L. Duchesne, Catalogues of episcopal Province Tours, Paris, 1890, p. 35-52).
[22] U. KNIGHT, Cartulary of the Abbey of Saint-Barnard, Romans (Part 817-1093), Romans, 1898, p. 126, n. 8; H. Guillotel, "The record of the erection of hagiographic seat Tréguier" Britain and the Celtic countries. Languages, history, civilization. Essays in honor of the memory of Leon Fleuriot 1923-1987, Saint-Brieuc-Rennes, 1992 217.
[23] A. La Borderie, "Saint Tudual. Text of the three Lives the oldest of the saint and his very old office published with notes and historical commentary, Memoirs of the Archaeological Society of Côtes-du-Nord , 2 e series, t. 2 (1886-1887), p. 86-93.
[24] ibid., p. 93-117.
[25] F. LOT, Mixtures of Breton history , P. 436: Oxismorum Paulus vero ecclesiae episcopus praefuit .
[26] A. La Borderie, "Saint Tudual, P. 105, § 17.
[27] civitas This is still anonymous in vita of St. Efflam, a work that must have been composed in the late eleventh E XII or early th century between the vita mean and vita long Tugdual saint. It is clear in any case that even then the ruins of Yaudet were designated by the name of civitas. We assume that this place was, in Carolingian times, the seat of the bishop of a competitor based in St. Pol de Leon, but it is setting up on one of the Bishop of archdeacons tréguier - probably at the beginning of the XIII th century, when, in all dioceses of Brittany, "territorialization" the power exercised by archdeacons - which is the origin of the legend itself of the bishopric Apostolic Lexobie.
[28] A. La Borderie, "Saint Tudual, P. 91, § 12.
[29] ibid., p. 340-341.
[30] B. Tanguy, "Hagionomastique and History: Pabu Tugdual Tudi alias and the origins of the Diocese of Cornwall, Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Finistere, t. 115 (1986), p. 117-132. According to the martyrology of Exeter, the e XII century, a saint Studied ( Tudius ) was celebrated May 9 at Vindicinum (probably Vendôme).
[31] Here we must alter somewhat the conclusions we reached earlier: A.-Y. BOURGÈS, "The territorial expansion of the Viscounts of Leon in feudal times," Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Finistere, t. 126 (1997), p. 362 and n. 36.
[32] H. Guillotel, "The record of the erection of hagiographic seat Tréguier" Britain and the Celtic countries. Languages, history, civilization. Essays in honor of the memory of Leon Fleuriot (1923-1987) , Saint-Brieuc-Rennes, 1992 220.
[33] His name does not appear in the list of prelates who sat in Lisieux, but L. DUCHESNE, Fasti Episcopal of ancient Gaul, t. 2, Paris, 2 e ed., 1910, states (p. 235) that "all catalogs Norman, one of Lisieux is the most incomplete. P. LaJoye, Religions and cults in Lisieux, in Antiquity and Middle Ages (I-VI st th centuries) , sl, 2008, p. 39, proposed to identify the bishop with Tugdual Theudobaudis , which is attested to the years 538-549.
[34] J.-J. BOURAS , Cartulary Cormery, Tours, 1861, p. 69.
[35] This claim is included in the vita Gildas, already cited, and in that of Goustan [BHL vacation] whose remains have been published by A. OHEIX, Notes on the life of St. Gildas , Nantes, 1913 (Studies hagiographic, 9), p. 34-35.
[36] Dr. DeBary, "La Vita Menulphi " Monastic Britannia, 6 (2002), p. 112-116. The dating of this text still under discussion, between the late tenth th and early th XII century, but there seems to be no doubt that it was composed to serve as "manual" of the holy relics kept at the Abbey Mailly in Bourbonnais, today the town of Saint-Menoux (Allier).
[37] J. Quaghebeur, The Cornwall IX of the XI th th century. Memory, power, nobility , 1 th edition, sl [Quimper], 2001, p. 179-182.
[38] This interpolation was finally recognized in 1952, making obsolete since all efforts so far deployed scholarship "to infer from this appellation details on the origins of diocese of Quimper ": cf. B. MERDRIGNAC, Research on the hagiography of the seventh Armorican e the fifteenth century e, t. 1, sl [St. Malo], 1985, p. 21. As highlighted JC POULIN, "The record of St. hagiographic Conwoion Redon. About a recent edition, " Francia , t. 18 (1991), No. 1, p. 143, "in truth, the author of Gesta did not know where to seat the bishop Felix, hence his presentation a bit vague (Allium episcopum ).
[39] This hypothesis was inspired by one developed at the time by the late H. Guillotel about the origins of the titular episcopus Sancti Brioci replaced that episcopus Briocensis but it takes the exact respectfully opposite view. We believe that confusion could also be similar documentary on the origin of the tradition on into exile during the reign of Pierre de Dreux, Guillaume Pinchon with the prelate, who was sitting in Poitiers, which, according to his vita Bishop of Saint-Brieuc then became auxiliary: the vast diocese of Poitiers was divided into three archdeaconries more extensive than many dioceses and one of which, the Brianza, with its county seat at Brioux was designated as pagus Carolingian whom he had succeeded, by the same Gazetteer adjective that refers to the diocese of Saint-Brieuc ( Briocensis ). An act of 1200 signed between the Bishop of Poitiers and Abbey Maillezais moreover we kept the memory of a certain W [illelmus] Briocensis archidiaconus , which may have inspired the idea of this hagiographer 'coadjutor' poitevine attributed to future St. William.
[40] F. PLAIN, "Vita s. Brioci and Confessori episcopi ab Anonymo suppari conscript " Analecta Bollandiana , t. 2 (1883), p. 162-188; A. Poncelet, "Catalogus codicum hagiographicorum latinorum bibliothecae publicae Rothomagensis " Analecta Bollandiana , t. 23 (1904), p. 264-265.
[41] JC POULIN, The Breton hagiography of the High Middle Ages. Catalog from , Ostfildern, 2009 (Beihefte der Francia, 69), p. 77.
[42] S. MORIN, "Reflection the rewriting of the Life of Saint Brieuc in the twelfth century e : Briomaglus , Primael and Brioccius the time of the Gregorian reform, " power and faith in the Middle Ages in Britain and in the Western Europe. Mixtures in memory of Professor Hubert Guillotel , Rennes, 2010, p. 256-258.
[43] A. La Borderie, "Saint Tudual, P. 116-117, § 34.
[44] C. SHORTS, "Life of Saint Paul de Leon in Brittany, from a manuscript of Fleury-sur-Loire stored at the Public Library of Orleans," Journal Celtic , t. 5 (1881-1883), p. 417-458.
[45] A. La Borderie, "Saint Tudual, P. 106-107, § 20.
[46] ibid., p. 88-89, § 6-7.
[47] included in this library including homéliaire of Haimon Haverstad of which there is significant contemporary issue in a letter to the Bishops of Martin, addressed to the abbot of Trinidad by one of his monks (C. Metais, Cartulary of the Abbey of the Trinity Cardinal de Vendome , t. 1, Paris, 1893, p. 169-170).
[48] A.-Y. BOURGÈS, "Vicissitudes of memory Breton hagiographical Late Middle Ages: the foundation of the bishoprics in Britain, " Stories from Britain, 3. - Conservatives memory (forthcoming).
[49] IDEM, "Corseul Carhaix and activity Metropolitan Perpetuus Tours: Archaeology conciliar liturgy and canons (V e century), " monastics Britannia (forthcoming).
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